Carbon and its compounds class 10 ncert solutions pdf

Butanone is a four carbon compound with the functional group a carboxylic acid b aldehyde c ketone d alcohol. Alcohols can be produced by the hydration of a Alkenes b alkynes c alkanes d acids. Diamond is not a good conductor of electricity because a It is very hard b Its structure is very compact c It is not soluble in water d It has no free electrons to conduct electric current.

The number of C-H bonds in ethane C 2 H 6 molecule are a 4 b 6 c 8 d The by product in soap industry is a Isoprene b Ethylene glycol c glycerol d butane. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding? Which of the following will undergo addition reactions? Soaps are formed by the saponification of a Alcohols b simple ester c carboxylic acids d glycerides. The first compound to be prepared in the laboratory was a Methane b Ethyl alcohol c acetic acid d Urea.

The number of isomers of pentane is a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5. Direct Development. Indirect Development. It is a type of development in which an embryo develops into a mature individual without involving a larval stage. It is a type of development that involves a sexually immature larval stage, having different food requirements than adults. Metamorphosis is absent.

Metamorphosis involving the development of larva to a sexually mature adult is present. It occurs in fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It occurs in most invertebrates and amphibians. The peculiar features that are found in parasitic platyhelminths are as follows:. They have dorsoventrally flattened bodies and bear hooks and suckers to get attached inside the body of the host.

Their body is covered with thick tegument, which protects them from the action of the digestive juices of the host. Taenia Tapeworm and Fasciola liver fluke are examples of parasitic platyhelminths. The phylum, Arthropoda, which consists of more than two-thirds of the animal species on earth constitutes the largest group of the animal kingdom. The reasons for the success of arthropods are as follows:.

Presence of jointed legs that allow more mobility on land. Hard exoskeleton is present which is made up of chitin that protects the body,. The hard exoskeleton also reduces water loss from the body of arthropods making them more adapted to terrestrial conditions.

The water vascular system is a characteristic feature of the phylum Echinodermata. This system consists of an array of radiating channels, tube feet, and madreporite. It helps in locomotion, food capturing, and respiration. Justify the Statement. The presence of a notochord and paired pharyngeal gill slits are the characteristic features of the phylum Chordata. In sub-phylum Vertebrata, the notochord present in embryos gets replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in adults.

Thus, it is said that all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates. An air bladder is a gas-filled sac present in Pisces which helps in maintaining buoyancy. It is important as it helps fishes to ascend or descend and stay in the water current. Birds have undergone many structural adaptations or modifications to suit their aerial life.

Some of these adaptations are as follows:. They have a Streamlined body for rapid and smooth movement. Covering of body with feathers for insulation. Their forelimbs are modified into wings and their hind limbs are used for walking, perching, and swimming. The presence of pneumatic bones to reduce weight. Presence of additional air sacs to supplement respiration. The number of eggs produced by an oviparous mother will be more than the number of young ones produced by a viviparous mother. Their eggs are more prone to environmental conditions and predators.

Therefore, to overcome the loss, more eggs are produced by mothers so that even under harsh environmental conditions, some eggs might be able to survive and produce young ones. It reacts with sodium carbonate with effervescence and gives out carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water milky. Question 1: Soap does not form lather with hard water. Or Why do soaps not work in hard water? Or Why do soaps from scum instead of lather in hard water?

Question 2: What will happen if ethanol reacts will ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid? Name the reaction. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

Answer 2: Ethyl alcohol reacts with acetic acid ethanoic acid in the presence of a few drops of conc. Such a reaction is called esterification. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group.

For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature with a pleasant odour while ethanoic acid has vinegar-like smell. This is below room temperature and hence, it freezes during winters. Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates and metal hydrogencarbonates to form salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas while ethanol does not react with them.

Most of the carbon compounds give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. The carbon compounds, used as a fuel, have high calorific values. Therefore, carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most applications. Soap does not work properly when the water is hard. A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.

Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?

The formula for cyclopentane is C 5 H Its electron dot structure is given below. Among them, the structures of three isomers are given. Since the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid involves the addition of oxygen to ethanol, it is an oxidation reaction. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding.

Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used? When ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame. This is due to incomplete combustion caused by limited supply of air. This oxy-acetylene flame is used for welding.

It is not possible to attain such a high temperature without mixing oxygen. This is the reason why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used. We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. Acid reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve CO 2 gas that turns lime water milky.

Some substances such as alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate are capable of adding oxygen to others. These are known as oxidising agents. Video Solution for carbon and its compounds Page: 74 , Q. Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Unlike soap, they do not react with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form scum. They give a good amount of lather irrespective of whether the water is hard or soft.

This means that detergents can be used in both soft and hard water. Therefore, it cannot be used to check whether the water is hard or not. People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes? A soap molecule has two parts namely hydrophobic and hydrophilic. With the help of these, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster called micelle. These micelles remain suspended as a colloid.

To remove these micelles entrapping the dirt , it is necessary to agitate clothes. Carbon can neither lose four of its electrons nor gain four electrons as both the processes require extra amount of energy and would make the system unstable.

Therefore, it completes its octet by sharing its four electrons with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements. The bonds that are formed by sharing electrons are known as covalent bonds. In covalent bonding, both the atoms share the valence electrons, i. Here, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete its duplet.

Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the octet. Therefore, all of these share the electrons and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds with hydrogen and one with chlorine. A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that have different numbers of carbon atoms but contain the same functional group. For example, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.